Lab Notes and Procedures-13 Biology 1004

North Arkansas College

Topic:  Basic Animal Organization

Four types of tissue that make up the animal organs

  1. Connective tissue
  2. Muscle tissue
  3. Nervous tissue
  4. Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer over body’s surface and body cavities

Three types of Epithelial tissue

  1. Squamous-cells are flat
  2. Cubodial-cube shape (kidney)
  3. Columnar-oblong cells resembling columns or pillars: may contain goblet cell which secrete mucus (intestine)

Epithelial Tissue maybe

  1. Simple- a single layer
  2. Stratified- several layers of cells

*Pseudostratified- may appear as several but actually are not true layers

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue cells rarely touch each other binds tissue together, provides structure, fills in space, stores fat, forms blood cells.

Two types of connective tissue

  1. Loose connective tissue- loose connective tissue support epithelial tissue and internal vertebral organs: arteries and lungs adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue which acts as insulation or padding
  2. Fibrous connective tissue-contains many collagenous fibers closely packed together tendons- connect muscle to bone ligaments- connect bone to bone cartilage and bone are solid compact bone- calcium salts deposited around protein fibers minerals give bone rigidity protein provides elasticity and strength. 

In compact bone, bone cells called osteocytes are located in luanae arranged in cocentric circles in osteons (haverson system) around tiny tubes called canals. Nerve fiber and blood vessels are in those canals.

Cartilage- cells lie in small chambers called lacunae separated by a matrix (strong and flexible) hyaline cartilage is found at ends of bones (long), end of nose and framework of ribs, ear, windpipe ect. It is called gristle.

* Blood-is connective tissue in which cells are separated by liquid called plasma

Two types of blood cells

  1. red blood cells- erythrocytes
  2. white blood cells- leukocytes

Muscle Tissue

Composed of muscle fiber.

Three types of muscle tissue

  1. Skeletal muscle-attached by bones to skeleton. Cylindrical and quite long with nuclei at periphery of tissue striated light and dark bands run perpendicluar
  2. Cardiac muscle-wall of heart striated, single centrally located nucleus, branched and fused to each other. composed of interculted (stacked) discs.
  3. Smooth muscle-no striations, spindle shaped: present in viscera (intestine, stomach, etc)

Nervous Tissue

  1. Nerve cells are called neurons
  2. Dendrites conduct nerve impulses to cell
  3. Axon conducts nerve impulses away from cell

Examples of nervous tissue - brain and spinal cord

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